Adipose tissue is a major source of inflammatory and thrombotic
cytokines. This study investigated the relationship of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue
cytokine gene expression to body composition, fat distribution, and metabolic risk during
obesity. We determined body composition, abdominal fat distribution, plasma
lipids, and abdominal subcutaneous fat gene expression of
leptin,
TNF-alpha,
IL-6,
PAI-1, and
adiponectin in 20 obese, middle-aged women (BMI, 32.7 +/- 0.8 kg/m2; age, 57 +/- 1 yr). A subset of these women without diabetes (n = 15) also underwent an OGTT. In all women, visceral fat volume was negatively related to
leptin (r = -0.46, P < 0.05) and tended to be negatively related to
adiponectin (r = -0.38, P = 0.09) gene expression. Among the nondiabetic women, fasting
insulin (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), 2-h
insulin (r = 0.56, P < 0.05), and HOMA index (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) correlated positively with
TNF-alpha gene expression; fasting
insulin (r = 0.54, P < 0.05) was positively related to, and 2-h
insulin (r = 0.49, P = 0.06) tended to be positively related to,
IL-6 gene expression; and
glucose area (r = -0.56, P < 0.05) was negatively related to, and
insulin area (r = -0.49, P = 0.06) tended to be negatively related to,
adiponectin gene expression. Also,
adiponectin gene expression was significantly lower in women with vs. without the
metabolic syndrome (
adiponectin-
beta-actin ratio, 2.26 +/- 0.46 vs. 3.31 +/- 0.33, P < 0.05). We conclude that abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of inflammatory
cytokines is a potential mechanism linking
obesity with its metabolic comorbidities.