Review article: prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastrointestinal complications--review and recommendations based on risk assessment.

Abstract

The incidence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related ulcer complications remains high despite the availability of potent anti-ulcer drugs and selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related ulcer complications can be minimized by prospective assessment of patients' baseline risk, rational choice and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and selective use of co-therapy strategies with gastroprotectives. Current recommendations regarding strategies using anti-ulcer drugs and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors for prevention of clinical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug upper gastrointestinal events are largely derived from studies using surrogates such as endoscopic ulcers, erosions, and symptoms in low- to average-risk patients. Conclusions based on surrogate and potentially manipulatable end-points are increasingly suspect with regard to applicability to clinical situations. This article reviews the risks associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including aspirin and includes the effect of the patients' baseline risk, and the confounding effects of Helicobacter pylori infection. In addition, uncertainties regarding the clinical efficacy of anti-ulcer drugs and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related ulcer complications are put into perspective. We propose management strategies based on the risk category: low risk (absence of risk factors) (least ulcerogenic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug at lowest effective dose), moderate risk (one to two risk factors) (as above, plus an antisecretory agent or misoprostol or a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor), high risk (multiple risk factors or patients using concomitant low-dose aspirin, steroids, or anticoagulants) (cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor alone with steroids, plus misoprostol with warfarin, or plus a proton pump inhibitors or misoprostol with aspirin), and very high risk (history of ulcer complications) (avoid all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, if possible or a cyclo-oxygenase-2 plus a proton pump inhibitors and/or misoprostol). The presence of H. pylori infection increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users by two- to fourfold suggesting that all patients requiring regular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy be tested for H. pylori.

• Authors: F K L Chan, D Y Graham
• Journal: Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics (Aliment Pharmacol Ther) Vol. 19 Issue 10 Pg. 1051-61 (May 15 2004) ISSN: 0269-2813 [Print] England
• PMID: 15142194 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Review)

Chemical References

• Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
• Anti-Ulcer Agents
• Histamine H2 Antagonists
• Isoenzymes
• Membrane Proteins
• Proton Pump Inhibitors
• Misoprostol
• Cyclooxygenase 2
• PTGS2 protein, human
• Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases
• Aspirin

Topics

• Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal (adverse effects)
• Anti-Ulcer Agents (therapeutic use)
• Aspirin (adverse effects)
• Cyclooxygenase 2
• Decision Making
• Gastrointestinal Diseases (chemically induced, prevention & control)
• Helicobacter Infections (complications)
• Helicobacter pylori
• Histamine H2 Antagonists (therapeutic use)
• Humans
• Isoenzymes (antagonists & inhibitors)
• Membrane Proteins
• Misoprostol (therapeutic use)
• Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases
• Proton Pump Inhibitors
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors
• Stomach Ulcer (complications)