Hyaluronan Synthases

Membrane-associated glucuronosyltransferases that catalyze the reaction of UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and UDP-D-glucuronate to produce HYALURONAN. HYALURONAN SYNTHASE 2 (HAS2) is essential for embryogenesis and its expression by tumor cells is associated with metastasis.

Also Known As:

HAS1 Protein; HAS2 Protein; HAS3 Protein; Hyaluronan Synthase; Hyaluronan Synthase 1; Hyaluronan Synthase 2; Hyaluronan Synthase 3; Hyaluronan Synthetase; Hyaluronate Synthase; Hyaluronate Synthetase; Hyaluronic Acid Synthetase; hasA Enzyme; 3, Hyaluronan Synthase; Protein, HAS3; Synthase 1, Hyaluronan; Synthase 2, Hyaluronan; Synthase 3, Hyaluronan; Synthase, Hyaluronan; Synthase, Hyaluronate; Synthases, Hyaluronan; Synthetase, Hyaluronan; Synthetase, Hyaluronate; Synthetase, Hyaluronic Acid

Networked: 223 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 23 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Enzymes and Coenzymes: 1
- Enzymes: 152586
  - Transferases: 6589
    - Glycosyltransferases: 784
      - Hexosyltransferases
        Glucuronosyltransferase: 625
        Hyaluronan Synthases: 223
        human HAS1 protein
        human HAS2 protein
        human HAS3 protein
        mouse Has1 protein
        mouse Has2 protein
        mouse Has3 protein
        rat Has2 protein
        rat Has3 protein
        Xenopus Has2 protein
        Xenopus HAS3 protein
        zebrafish has2 protein

Experts

1.	Itano, Naoki: 12 articles (11/2020 - 01/2004)
2.	Pilarski, Linda M: 10 articles (01/2014 - 04/2003)
3.	Pasonen-Seppänen, Sanna: 9 articles (01/2019 - 05/2005)
4.	Kimata, Koji: 9 articles (01/2012 - 01/2004)
5.	Rilla, Kirsi: 8 articles (01/2019 - 05/2009)
6.	Adamia, Sophia: 8 articles (01/2014 - 04/2003)
7.	Belch, Andrew R: 8 articles (01/2014 - 04/2003)
8.	Heldin, Paraskevi: 7 articles (01/2019 - 11/2002)
9.	Tammi, Markku I: 7 articles (01/2019 - 04/2008)
10.	Tammi, Raija H: 6 articles (01/2019 - 04/2008)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 10/29/2023 - "The naked mole rat (NMR) has a thick ECM and a unique mutation in the hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) gene, which has been linked to the high cancer resistance of the species. " 08/01/2023 - "Pan-cancer analysis reveals the potential of hyaluronate synthase as therapeutic targets in human tumors." 01/01/2023 - "High expression of hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) resulted in HA deposition, which promoted the growth of cancer cell. " 10/29/2021 - "Type-3 Hyaluronan Synthase Attenuates Tumor Cells Invasion in Human Mammary Parenchymal Tissues." 01/01/2019 - "Deciphering the molecular mechanisms highlighted the TGIF1 loss-induced activation of the hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2)-CD44 signaling pathway and upregulation of the immune checkpoint regulator PD-L1 to facilitate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor immune suppression. "
2.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma) 05/01/2005 - "We assayed hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthases (has1-3) in mouse epidermis during fetal development, postnatal life, and trauma reaction in vivo. " 01/01/2012 - "Enhanced inflammation and accelerated wound closure following tetraphorbol ester application or full-thickness wounding in mice lacking hyaluronan synthases Has1 and Has3." 01/01/2013 - "Expression of hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 2 and 3, and hyaluronidase (HYAL) 1-3 mRNA in wounds of young and aged mice was similar. " 02/01/2011 - "Two of these genes, heparan sulfate d-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A1 and hyaluronan synthase 2, are also potentially important mediators of wound repair via the production of glycosaminoglycan components. " 06/15/2023 - "In-vitro experiments with microbially produced linear Halomonas levan (HL), its hydrolyzed, (hHL) and sulfonated (ShHL) derivatives as well as enzymatically produced branched levan (EL) revealed increased keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation (113-118 %), improved skin barrier function through induced expressions of involucrin (2.0 and 6.43 fold changes for HL and EL) and filaggrin (1.74 and 3.89 fold changes for hHL and ShHL) genes and increased type I collagen (2.63 for ShHL) and hyaluronan synthase 3 (1.41 for HL) gene expressions together with fast wound healing ability within 24 h (100 %, HL) on 2D wound models clearly showed that HL and its derivatives have high potential to be used as natural active ingredients in cosmeceutical and skin regenerating formulations."
3.	Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (Lichen Sclerosus) 09/01/2006 - "We previously showed that (1) CD44 regulate keratinocyte proliferation; (2) topical retinoids dramatically increase the expression of CD44, hyaluronate and hyaluronate synthase (HAS)s in mouse epidermis; (3) topical retinaldehyde restores the epidermal thickness and CD44 expression which are correlated with clinical improvement in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus lesions; and (4) retinaldehyde-induced proliferative response of keratinocytes is a CD44-dependent phenomenon and requires the presence of HB-EGF, erbB1 and matrix metalloproteinases. "
4.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer) 09/01/2014 - "Differential expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 in breast carcinoma and its biological significance." 01/01/2014 - "Hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3) in stromal and malignant cells correlate with breast cancer grade and predict patient survival." 01/15/2012 - "Here, we report that upregulation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) occurs in highly metastatic breast cancer stem-like cells (CSC) defined by CD44(+)/CD24(-)/ESA(+) phenotype, where it plays a critical role in the generation of a prometastatic microenvironment in breast cancer. " 06/15/2007 - "Silencing of hyaluronan synthase 2 suppresses the malignant phenotype of invasive breast cancer cells." 08/25/2006 - "Recent microarray analysis, comparing 21NT breast cancer cells transfected to constitutively overexpress OPN with control cells, revealed hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) to be a gene highly up-regulated in OPN-overexpressing cells. "
5.	Carcinoma (Carcinomatosis) 10/10/2012 - "The present study investigated the expression and clinical role of hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3) and hyaluronidases (Hyal1-3) in serous ovarian carcinoma. " 07/01/2015 - "We consequently analyzed HAS3 protein expression and their association with clinicopathological factors and survival in our well-characterized cohort of urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract (UTUC) and urinary bladder (UBUC). " 08/01/2014 - "Both normal and abnormal TGFβ signaling can be detected in carcinoma and stromal cells, and TGFβ-induced EMT requires the expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). " 04/26/1996 - "HAS-, a mouse mammary carcinoma mutant cell line, which is defective in hyaluronan synthase activity, was first established and used as a recipient for the expression cloning. " 03/01/1996 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of CD44 exon v 6 (CD44v6), hyaluronate (one of its ligands), and hyaluronate synthase, in a clinically relevant animal model of metastatic colon carcinoma. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Hyaluronic Acid (Hyaluronan)
2.	Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
3.	Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor (HB-EGF)
4.	Collagen Type I (Type I Collagen)
5.	Retinoids
6.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)
7.	Filaggrin Proteins
8.	Cosmeceuticals
9.	levan
10.	involucrin

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Protein-Restricted Diet (Diet, Protein Restricted)
4.	Radiotherapy
5.	Subcutaneous Injections