Little is known about the characteristics of respiratory tract microbiome in
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inpatients with different severity. We conducted a study that expected to clarify these characteristics as much as possible. A cross-sectional study was conducted to characterize respiratory tract microbial communities of 69
COVID-19 inpatients from 64 nasopharyngeal swabs and 5 sputum specimens using
16S ribosomal RNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing. The bacterial profiles were analyzed to find potential
biomarkers by the two-step method, the combination of random forest model and the linear discriminant analysis effect size, and explore the connections with clinical characteristics by Spearman's rank test. Compared with mild
COVID-19 patients, severe patients had significantly decreased bacterial diversity (p-values were less than 0.05 in the alpha and beta diversity) and relative lower abundance of opportunistic pathogens, including Actinomyces, Prevotella, Rothia, Streptococcus, Veillonella. Eight potential
biomarkers including Treponema, Leptotrichia, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Parvimonas, Alloprevotella, Porphyromonas, Gemella, and Streptococcus were found to distinguish the mild
COVID-19 patients from the severe
COVID-19 patients. The genera of Actinomyces and Prevotella were negatively correlated with age in two groups.
Intensive care unit admission, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count were significantly correlated with different genera in the two groups. In addition, there was a positive correlation between Klebsiella and white blood cell count in two groups. The respiratory tract microbiome had significant differences in
COVID-19 patients with different severity. The value of the respiratory tract microbiome as predictive
biomarkers for
COVID-19 severity deserves further exploration.