The development of non-invasive screening techniques for early
cancer detection is one of the greatest scientific challenges of the 21st century. One promising emerging method is the analysis of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are low molecular weight substances generated as final products of cellular metabolism and emitted through a variety of
biological matrices, such as breath, blood, saliva and urine. Urine stands out for its non-invasive nature, availability in large volumes, and the high concentration of VOCs in the kidneys. This review provides an overview of the available data on urinary VOCs that have been investigated in
cancer-focused clinical studies using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. A literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, Pubmed and Web of Science, using the keywords "Urinary VOCs", "VOCs
biomarkers" and "Volatile
cancer biomarkers" in combination with the term "Mass spectrometry". Only studies in English published between January 2011 and May 2020 were selected. The three most evaluated types of
cancers in the reviewed studies were lung, breast and prostate, and the most frequently identified urinary VOC
biomarkers were
hexanal,
dimethyl disulfide and
phenol; with the latter seeming to be closely related to
breast cancer. Additionally, the challenges of analyzing urinary VOCs using MS-based techniques and translation to clinical utility are discussed. The outcome of this review may provide valuable information to future studies regarding
cancer urinary VOCs.