Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (
MPS IVA) is an inborn error of
glycosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism characterized by a deficiency of the lysosomal
enzyme, N-
acetylgalactosamine 6-sulphatase (GALNS). Consequently, partially degraded GAG,
chondroitin 6-sulfate (CS) and
keratan sulfate (KS), accumulate in the lysosomes of affected cells, primarily in cartilage resulting in skeletal disease. Excessive urinary excretion of these GAG is often used as the initial biochemical parameter to inform a laboratory diagnosis. Here we present the utility of a CS-
disaccharide with a non-reducing 6-sulfated N-
acetylgalactosamine residue (HNAc-UA (1S))-the
enzyme's substrate-for the diagnosis and biochemical monitoring of
MPS IVA patients. Following implementation of this method into the diagnostic laboratory, we identified one
MPS IVA patient over 3 years of MPS urine screening, with no false positive results from 2050 urines tested. Uniquely, urinary concentrations of HNAc-UA (1S) are independent of age meaning that age-related reference ranges are not required. Urinary HNAc-UA (1S) was also able to identify two
MPS IVA siblings who remained misdiagnosed with
spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia for 5 years because of normal urinary GAG. HNAc-UA (1S) could also be used as a
biomarker for monitoring response to
enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) as there was a drop in urinary concentration following the administration of ERT in all 12 patients and concentrations correlated with urinary KS (R 2 = 0.92). In conclusion, HNAc-UA (1S) is a reliable, sensitive and specific
biomarker for the diagnosis of
MPS IVA and can be used to biochemically monitor the response to ERT.