Abstract | BACKGROUND: To increase the pharmacological effects of red ginseng (RG, the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer), RG products modified by heat process or fermentation have been developed. However, the antiallergic effects of RG and modified/fermented RG have not been simultaneously examined. Therefore, we examined the allergic rhinitis (AR)-inhibitory effects of water-extracted RG (wRG), 50% ethanol-extracted RG (eRG), and bifidobacteria-fermented eRG (fRG) in vivo. METHODS: RESULTS: RG products potently inhibited IL-4 expression in phorbol 12- myristate-13- acetate/ A23187-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Of tested RG products, fRG most potently inhibited IL-4 expression. RG products also alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Of these, fRG most potently reduced nasal allergy symptoms and blood IgE levels. fRG treatment also reduced IL-4 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and reduced mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations. Furthermore, treatment with fRG reduced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in the colon and restored ovalbumin-suppressed Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria populations and ovalbumin-induced Firmicutes population in gut microbiota. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd significantly alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. CONCLUSION:
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Authors | Hye In Kim, Jeon-Kyung Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Myung Joo Han, Dong-Hyun Kim |
Journal | Journal of ginseng research
(J Ginseng Res)
Vol. 43
Issue 4
Pg. 635-644
(Oct 2019)
ISSN: 1226-8453 [Print] Korea (South) |
PMID | 31695569
(Publication Type: Journal Article)
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Copyright | © 2019 The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. |