Diabetes mellitus is a global challenge with many diverse health sequelae, of which diabetic
peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common. A substantial number of patients with diabetic
peripheral neuropathy develop
chronic pain, but the genetic and epigenetic factors that predispose diabetic
peripheral neuropathy patients to develop
neuropathic pain are poorly understood. Recent targeted genetic studies have identified mutations in α-subunits of
voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) in patients with painful diabetic
peripheral neuropathy. Mutations in
proteins that regulate trafficking or functional properties of Navs could expand the spectrum of patients with Nav-related
peripheral neuropathies. The auxiliary
sodium channel β-subunits (β1-4) have been reported to increase current density, alter inactivation kinetics, and modulate subcellular localization of Nav. Mutations in β-subunits have been associated with several diseases, including
epilepsy,
cancer, and diseases of the cardiac conducting system. However, mutations in β-subunits have never been shown previously to contribute to
neuropathic pain. We report here a patient with painful diabetic
peripheral neuropathy and negative genetic screening for mutations in SCN9A, SCN10A, and SCN11A-genes encoding
sodium channel α-subunit that have been previously linked to the development of
neuropathic pain. Genetic analysis revealed an
aspartic acid to
asparagine mutation, D109N, in the β2-subunit. Functional analysis using current-clamp revealed that the β2-D109N rendered dorsal root ganglion neurons hyperexcitable, especially in response to repetitive stimulation. Underlying the hyperexcitability induced by the β2-subunit mutation, as evidenced by voltage-clamp analysis, we found a depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of Nav1.7 fast inactivation and reduced use-dependent inhibition of the Nav1.7 channel.