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DPTIP, a newly identified potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase 2 inhibitor, regulates astrocyte-peripheral immune communication following brain inflammation.

Abstract
Brain injury and inflammation induces a local release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from astrocytes carrying proteins, RNAs, and microRNAs into the circulation. When these vesicles reach the liver, they stimulate the secretion of cytokines that mobilize peripheral immune cell infiltration into the brain, which can cause secondary tissue damage and impair recovery. Recent studies suggest that suppression of EV biosynthesis through neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) inhibition may represent a new therapeutic strategy. Unfortunately, currently available nSMase2 inhibitors exhibit low potency (IC50 ≥ 1 μM), poor solubility and/or limited brain penetration. Through a high throughput screening campaign of >365,000 compounds against human nSMase2 we identified 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-(5-Phenyl-4-Thiophen-2-yl-1H-Imidazol-2-yl)-Phenol (DPTIP), a potent (IC50 30 nM), selective, metabolically stable, and brain penetrable (AUCbrain/AUCplasma = 0.26) nSMase2 inhibitor. DPTIP dose-dependently inhibited EV release in primary astrocyte cultures. In a mouse model of brain injury conducted in GFAP-GFP mice, DPTIP potently (10 mg/kg IP) inhibited IL-1β-induced astrocyte-derived EV release (51 ± 13%; p < 0.001). This inhibition led to a reduction of cytokine upregulation in liver and attenuation of the infiltration of immune cells into the brain (80 ± 23%; p < 0.01). A structurally similar but inactive analog had no effect in vitro or in vivo.
AuthorsCamilo Rojas, Elena Barnaeva, Ajit G Thomas, Xin Hu, Noel Southall, Juan Marugan, Amrita Datta Chaudhuri, Seung-Wan Yoo, Niyada Hin, Ondrej Stepanek, Ying Wu, Sarah C Zimmermann, Alexandra G Gadiano, Takashi Tsukamoto, Rana Rais, Norman Haughey, Marc Ferrer, Barbara S Slusher
JournalScientific reports (Sci Rep) Vol. 8 Issue 1 Pg. 17715 (12 07 2018) ISSN: 2045-2322 [Electronic] England
PMID30531925 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural)
Chemical References
  • Cytokines
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • SMPD3 protein, human
  • Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase
Topics
  • Animals
  • Astrocytes (drug effects, metabolism)
  • Brain (drug effects, metabolism)
  • Cell Line
  • Cytokines (metabolism)
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Encephalitis (drug therapy, metabolism)
  • Enzyme Inhibitors (pharmacology)
  • Extracellular Vesicles (drug effects, metabolism)
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Humans
  • Mice
  • Rats
  • Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase (antagonists & inhibitors)
  • Up-Regulation (drug effects)

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