Hookah smoking is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity: a population-based study.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

The adverse effects of cigarette smoking have been widely studied before, whilst the effects of hookah smoking has received less attention, although it is a common habit in the Middle East. Here we have investigated the effects of cigarette and hookah smoking on biochemical characteristics in a representative population sample derived from the Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) cohort study, from Northeastern Iran.

STUDY DESIGN:

A total of 9840 subjects from the MASHAD population study were allocated to five groups; non-smokers (6742), ex-smokers (976), cigarette smokers (864), hookah smokers (1067), concomitant cigarette and hookah smokers (41).

METHODS:

Baseline characteristics were recorded in a questionnaire. Biochemical characteristics were measured by routine methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and p < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS:

After adjustment for age and sex; the presence of CVD, obesity, metabolic syndrome, DM and dyslipidemia were significantly (p < 0.001) related to smoking status. After multivariate analysis, HDL (p < 0.001), WBC (p < 0.001), MCV (p < 0.05), PLT (p < 0.01) and RDW (p < 0.001), and the presence of CVD (p < 0.01), obesity (p < 0.001), metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05) and DM (p < 0.01) remained significant between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Between hookah smokers and non-smokers; uric acid (p < 0.001), PLT (p < 0.05) and RDW (p < 0.05), and the presence of obesity (p < 0.01), metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001), diabetes (p < 0.01) and dyslipidemia (p < 0.01) remained significant after logistic regression.

CONCLUSION:

There was a positive association between hookah smoking and metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia which was not established in cigarette smoking.

• Authors: Sara Saffar Soflaei, Susan Darroudi, Maryam Tayefi, Abolfazl Nosrati Tirkani, Mohsen Moohebati, Mahmoud Ebrahimi, Habibollah Esmaily, Seyed Mohammad Reza Parizadeh, Ali Reza Heidari-Bakavoli, Gordon A Ferns, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
• Journal: Diabetology & metabolic syndrome (Diabetol Metab Syndr) Vol. 10 Pg. 33 ( 2018) ISSN: 1758-5996 [Print] England
• PMID: 29713386 (Publication Type: Journal Article)