Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are important drug targets for treatment of
dyslipidemia,
type 2 diabetes,
cardiovascular disease,
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and great efforts have been made to develop novel
PPAR ligands. However, most existing
PPAR ligands contain a
carboxylic acid (CA) or
thiazolidinedione (TZD) structure (acidic head group) that is essential for activity. We recently discovered non-CA/TZD class PPARα/δ partial agonists, which contain an
acetamide moiety and adjacent methyl group, linked to a 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring ("fragment a"). We hypothesized that the
acetamide structure might interact with the CA/TZD-binding pocket. To test this idea, we firstly replaced fragment a in one of our compounds with the α-
alkoxy-CA structure often found in
PPAR agonists. Secondly, we replaced the α-
alkoxy-CA head group of several reported
PPAR agonists with our
acetamide-based fragment a. The agonistic activities of the synthesized hybrid compounds toward PPARs (PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ) were evaluated by means of cell-based reporter gene assays. All the hybrid molecules showed
PPAR-agonistic activities, but replacement of the α-
alkoxy-CA head group altered the maximum efficacy and the subtype-specificity. The
acetamide-based hybrid molecules showed partial agonism toward PPARα and PPARδ, whereas the α-
alkoxy-CA-based molecules were generally selective for PPARα and PPARγ, with relatively high activation efficacies. Thus, the fragment replacement strategy appears promising for the development of novel
acetamide-based PPARα/δ dual agonists.