Gangliosides (sialylated
glycolipids) play an essential role in the CNS by regulating recognition and signaling in neurons. Metabolic blocks in processing and catabolism of
gangliosides result in the development of severe
neurologic disorders, including
gangliosidoses manifesting with neurodegeneration and
neuroinflammation. We demonstrate that 2 mammalian
enzymes, neuraminidases 3 and 4, play important roles in catabolic processing of brain
gangliosides by cleaving terminal
sialic acid residues in their
glycan chains. In
neuraminidase 3 and 4 double-knockout mice,
GM3 ganglioside is stored in microglia, vascular pericytes, and neurons, causing micro- and
astrogliosis,
neuroinflammation, accumulation of
lipofuscin bodies, and
memory loss, whereas their cortical and hippocampal neurons have lower rate of neuritogenesis in vitro Double-knockout mice also have reduced levels of
GM1 ganglioside and myelin in neuronal axons. Furthermore,
neuraminidase 3 deficiency drastically increased storage of GM2 in the brain tissues of an asymptomatic mouse model of
Tay-Sachs disease, a severe human
gangliosidosis, indicating that this
enzyme is responsible for the metabolic bypass of β-
hexosaminidase A deficiency. Together, our results provide the first in vivo evidence that neuraminidases 3 and 4 have important roles in CNS function by catabolizing
gangliosides and preventing their storage in
lipofuscin bodies.-Pan, X., De Britto Pará De Aragão, C., Velasco-Martin, J. P., Priestman, D. A., Wu, H. Y., Takahashi, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sturiale, L., Garozzo, D., Platt, F. M., Lamarche-Vane, N., Morales, C. R., Miyagi, T., Pshezhetsky, A. V. Neuraminidases 3 and 4 regulate neuronal function by catabolizing brain
gangliosides.