Hepatoselective Nitric Oxide (NO) Donors, V-PYRRO/NO and V-PROLI/NO, in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comparison of Antisteatotic Effects with the Biotransformation and Pharmacokinetics.

Abstract

V-PYRRO/NO [O(2)-vinyl-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate] and V-PROLI/NO (O2-vinyl-[2-(carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate), two structurally similar diazeniumdiolate derivatives, were designed as liver-selective prodrugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, with subsequent release of nitric oxide (NO). Yet, their efficacy in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and their comparative pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles have not been characterized. The aim of the present work was to compare the effects of V-PYRRO/NO and V-PROLI/NO on liver steatosis, glucose tolerance, and liver fatty acid composition in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet, as well as to comprehensively characterize the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) profiles of both NO donors. Despite their similar structure, V-PYRRO/NO and V-PROLI/NO showed differences in pharmacological efficacy in the murine model of NAFLD. V-PYRRO/NO, but not V-PROLI/NO, attenuated liver steatosis, improved glucose tolerance, and favorably modified fatty acid composition in the liver. Both compounds were characterized by rapid absorption following i.p. administration, rapid elimination from the body, and incomplete bioavailability. However, V-PYRRO/NO was eliminated mainly by the liver, whereas V-PROLI/NO was excreted mostly in unchanged form by the kidney. V-PYRRO/NO was metabolized by CYP2E1, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, whereas V-PROLI/NO was metabolized mainly by CYP1A2. Importantly, V-PYRRO/NO was a better NO releaser in vivo and in the isolated, perfused liver than V-PROLI/NO, an effect compatible with the superior antisteatotic activity of V-PYRRO/NO. In conclusion, V-PYRRO/NO displayed a pronounced antisteatotic effect associated with liver-targeted NO release, whereas V-PROLI/NO showed low effectiveness, was not taken up by the liver, and was eliminated mostly in unchanged form by the kidney.

• Authors: Kamil Kus, Maria Walczak, Edyta Maslak, Agnieszka Zakrzewska, Anna Gonciarz-Dytman, Piotr Zabielski, Barbara Sitek, Krystyna Wandzel, Agnieszka Kij, Adrian Chabowski, Ryan J Holland, Joseph E Saavedra, Larry K Keefer, Stefan Chlopicki
• Journal: Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals (Drug Metab Dispos) Vol. 43 Issue 7 Pg. 1028-36 (Jul 2015) ISSN: 1521-009X [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 25870102 (Publication Type: Comparative Study, Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright.

Chemical References

• Fatty Acids
• Nitric Oxide Donors
• O(2)-vinyl-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate
• O2-vinyl 1-(2-(carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate
• Pyrrolidines
• Triazenes
• Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System

Topics

• Animals
• Biotransformation
• Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (metabolism)
• Diet, High-Fat
• Fatty Acids (metabolism)
• Glucose Intolerance
• Intestinal Absorption
• Kidney (metabolism)
• Liver (drug effects, metabolism)
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Nitric Oxide Donors (pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use)
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (drug therapy)
• Pyrrolidines (pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, therapeutic use)
• Rats
• Rats, Wistar
• Tissue Distribution
• Triazenes (pharmacology, therapeutic use)