The human genome project and subsequent gene annotation projects have shown that the human genome contains 22,000-25,000 functional genes. Therefore, it is believed that the diversity of
protein repertoire is achieved by the alternative splicing (AS) mechanism.
Transposable elements (
TEs) are mobile in nature and can therefore alter their position in the genome. The insertion of
TEs into a new gene region can result in AS of a particular transcript through various mechanisms, including intron retention, and alternative donor or acceptor splice sites. TE-derived AS is thought to have played a part in primate evolution and in hominid radiation. However, TE-derived AS or genetic instability may sometimes result in
genetic disorders. For the past two decades, numerous studies have been performed on
TEs and their role in genomes. Accumulating evidence shows that the term '
junk DNA', previously used for
TEs is a misnomer. Recent research has indicated that
TEs may have clinical potential. However, to explore the feasibility of using
TEs in clinical practice, additional studies are required. This review summarizes the available literature on TE-derived AS, alternative promoter, and alternative polyadenylation. The review covers the effects of
TEs on coding genes and their clinical implications, and provides our perspectives and directions for future research.