Mutations in the human ChlR1 (DDX11) gene are associated with a unique
genetic disorder known as Warsaw breakage syndrome characterized by cellular defects in genome maintenance. The
DNA triplex helix structures that form by Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding are examples of alternate
DNA structures that can be a source of
genomic instability. In this study, we have examined the ability of human ChlR1 helicase to destabilize
DNA triplexes. Biochemical studies demonstrated that ChlR1 efficiently melted both intermolecular and intramolecular
DNA triplex substrates in an
ATP-dependent manner. Compared with other substrates such as replication fork and G-quadruplex DNA,
triplex DNA was a preferred substrate for ChlR1. Also, compared with FANCJ, a helicase of the same family, the triplex resolving activity of ChlR1 is unique. On the other hand, the
mutant protein from a Warsaw breakage syndrome patient failed to unwind these triplexes. A previously characterized
triplex DNA-specific antibody (Jel 466) bound
triplex DNA structures and inhibited ChlR1 unwinding activity. Moreover, cellular assays demonstrated that there were increased
triplex DNA content and double-stranded breaks in ChlR1-depleted cells, but not in FANCJ(-/-) cells, when cells were treated with a triplex stabilizing compound benzoquinoquinoxaline, suggesting that ChlR1 melting of triple-helix structures is distinctive and physiologically important to defend genome integrity. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the abundance of ChlR1 known to exist in vivo is likely to be a strong deterrent to the stability of triplexes that can potentially form in the human genome.