Euphorbia fischeriana Steud is a
traditional Chinese Medicine that is known to possess a variety of anticarcinogenic properties. However, the bioactive constituents in Euphorbia fischeriana Steud and molecular mechanisms underlying this action in
cancer treatment remain poorly understood. The present study investigated the
chemotherapy activity and molecular targets of
Ethyl gallate, which is identified as the major constituent extracted from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud in
breast cancer cell lines in vitro. The results showed
Ethyl gallate obviously decreased cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Highly invasive MDA-MB-231 cells were found to be highly sensitive to treatment. Furthermore, significantly decreased metastatic potential of highly metastatic MDA-MB‑231 cells by
Ethyl gallate was identified via the inhibition of cell motility using invasion and migration through a
polyethylene terephthalate membrane.
Ethyl gallate treatment decreased the activity of
matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 by the downregulation of
mRNA levels using RT-PCR,
enzymes that are critical to
tumor invasion. Treatment with
Ethyl gallate decreased
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results indicate that
Ethyl gallate suppresses proliferation and invasion in human
breast cancer cells by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway, which may contribute to inhibiting their downstream targets such as NF-κB p-65, Bcl-2/Bax, and
mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in
breast cancer cells. Thus, the present study shed new light on
Ethyl gallate, an important bioactive constituent of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud, in human
breast cancer treatment. The findings may provide basal theories for wide therapeutic application in human
breast cancer.