Both
norepinephrine (NE) and
connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) contribute to vascular
fibrosis during
hypertension. Recent studies indicate that
farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) plays an important role in cardiac remodeling in
hypertension. However, the role of FPPS in NE-induced fibrotic responses and related molecular mechanisms is unknown. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were stimulated with NE. The fibrotic responses were assessed by measuring CTGF,
hydroxyproline (hyp), and α-1
procollagen I levels using Western blot, a
hydroxyproline test kit, and real-time quantitative PCR assays, respectively. Ras activity was determined by a pull-down assay using a Ras activation assay kit and detected by Western blot. NE dose-dependently increased
fibrosis in SHR-VSMCs, and this increase was significantly reduced by
ibandronate, an inhibitor of FPPS. The addition of
farnesol, but not
geranylgeraniol, partially reversed the inhibitory effects of
ibandronate. Furthermore, the anti-fibrotic effects of
ibandronate could be mimicked by
FTI-276 but not by
GGTI-286. A pull-down assay showed that
ibandronate reduced the NE-induced Ras activation. Moreover,
ibandronate inhibited the NE-induced activation of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2. Only
SB203580 (specific inhibitor of p38) diminished the NE-induced CTGF production. These results demonstrated that inhibiting FPPS prevents NE-induced fibrotic responses in SHR-VSMCs and that the Ras
kinase and p38 pathways were the underlying mechanisms involved in this process.