The objective of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory properties of grape
powder (GP) or GP extract (GE) and examine (1) which
polyphenol metabolites in GE were bioavailable, (2) the impact of GP and GE on
glucose tolerance and
inflammation in obese mice, and (3) if bioavailable
polyphenols in GE decrease markers of
inflammation in primary adipocytes. In experiment 1, C57BL/6J mice were gavaged with GE and serum
polyphenols were measured. In experiment 2, mice were fed high-fat diets supplemented with 3% GP or 0.02% GE for 18 weeks and markers of
inflammation were measured. In experiment 3, human adipocytes were treated with the bioavailable
polyphenols quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Q3G) or
quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (Q3GN) and markers of
inflammation were measured. Serum Q3G and Q3GN increased at 1 h post-GE gavage and decreased thereafter. GP supplementation improved
glucose tolerance at 5 weeks and decreased markers of
inflammation ∼20-50% in serum and adipose tissue at 18 weeks. Q3G, but not Q3GN, attenuated TNFα-mediated inflammatory gene expression ∼30-40% in human adipocytes, possibly by suppressing c-Jun-NH(2) terminal
kinase and c-Jun activation. In summary, (1) Q3G and Q3GN are bioavailable
polyphenols in GE, (2) GP acutely improves
glucose tolerance and chronically reduces markers of
inflammation in obese mice, and (3) Q3G reduces several markers of
inflammation in human adipocytes.