Flavonoids have been demonstrated to exert health benefits in humans. We investigated whether the
flavonoid baicalein would inhibit the adhesion, migration, invasion, and growth of human
hepatoma cell lines, and we also investigated its mechanism of action. The separate effects of
baicalein and
baicalin on the viability of HA22T/VGH and SK-Hep1 cells were investigated for 24h. To evaluate their invasive properties, cells were incubated on
matrigel-coated transwell membranes in the presence or absence of
baicalein. We examined the effect of
baicalein on the adhesion of cells, on the activation of
matrix metalloproteinases (
MMPs),
protein kinase C (PKC), and
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and on
tumor growth in vivo. We observed that
baicalein suppresses
hepatoma cell growth by 55%,
baicalein-treated cells showed lower levels of migration than untreated cells, and cell invasion was significantly reduced to 28%. Incubation of
hepatoma cells with
baicalein also significantly inhibited cell adhesion to
matrigel,
collagen I, and
gelatin-coated substrate.
Baicalein also decreased the gelatinolytic activities of the
matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA, decreased p50 and p65 nuclear translocation, and decreased phosphorylated
I-kappa-B (IKB)-β. In addition,
baicalein reduced the phosphorylation levels of PKCα and p38
proteins, which regulate invasion in poorly differentiated
hepatoma cells. Finally, when SK-Hep1 cells were grown as xenografts in nude mice, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of
baicalein induced a significant dose-dependent decrease in
tumor growth. These results demonstrate the anticancer properties of
baicalein, which include the inhibition of adhesion, invasion, migration, and proliferation of human
hepatoma cells in vivo.