In 2008, in a workshop of the European Federation on Periodontology, a consensus was reached concerning oral peri-implant
infections on the basis of the state of the art in the relevant sciences. Important conclusions were that peri-implant
mucositis occurs in 80% of subjects with oral implants, and that
peri-implantitis occurs in 28-56% of subjects studied. Important risk factors for developing peri-implant
infections seem to be insufficient
oral hygiene, a history of
periodontitis and cigarette smoking. There are insufficient research findings available to support a definitive conclusion about the role of genetic factors,
diabetes mellitus, alcohol consumption and implant surface properties. Mechanical treatment in combination with antimicrobial oral
mouth rinses may be effective in the treatment of
mucositis. No evidence has been found that mechanical treatment of
peri-implantitis is effective. To control the
infection of
peri-implantitis, surgical treatment, often in combination with the use of local or systemic
antibiotics, is necessary. Validated protocols for the treatment of peri-implant
infections are not available due to lack of clinical scientific evidence.