Glaucoma is the second leading cause of
blindness in the world. The ultimate cause of vision loss due to
glaucoma is thought to be retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis. Neuroprotection of RGC is becoming an important approach of
glaucoma therapy. Several lines of evidence suggest that
estrogen has neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we examine the role of
estrogen in preventing RGC loss in DBA/2J mouse, an in vivo model of an inherited (
pigmentary) glaucoma. Two-month-old female DBA/2J mice were anesthetized and ovariectomized with or without subcutaneous 17beta-estradiol (betaE2) pellet implantation. RGC survival was evaluated from flat-mounted whole retinas by counting retrograde-labeled cells. The loss of nerve fibers and RGC were also evaluated in
paraffin-fixed
retinal cross sections. Biochemical alterations in the retinas of DBA/2J mice in response to systemic injection of betaE2 were also examined. We have made several important observations showing that: (1) betaE2 treatment reduced the loss of RGC and neurofibers through inhibition of
ganglion cell apoptosis, (2) betaE2 activated Akt and cAMP-responsive-
element-
binding-protein (CREB), (3) betaE2 up-regulated
thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) expression, (4) betaE2 reduced the increased activations of
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and
NF-kappaB, (5) betaE2 inhibited the increased
interleukin-18 (IL-18) expression, and (6) treatment with
tamoxifen, an
estrogen receptor antagonist, blocked betaE2-mediated activation of Akt and inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation in the retinas of DBA/2J mice. These findings suggest the possible involvement of multiple biochemical events, including
estrogen receptor/Akt/CREB/
thioredoxin-1, and
estrogen receptor/MAPK/
NF-kappaB, in
estrogen-mediated retinal ganglion cell protection.