Combined determination of
urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor, activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), supports risk-adapted individualized
therapy concepts, particularly in node-negative
breast cancer. The prognostic impact of both factors in primary
breast cancer was substantiated by a pooled analysis of > 8000 patients with
breast cancer and a multicenter prospective randomized
therapy trial in node-negative
breast cancer; findings achieved the highest level of evidence for
tumor biomarkers. Patients with node-negative
breast cancer with low
antigen levels of uPA and
PAI-1 in their primary
tumor tissue have a very good prognosis and therefore may be spared the burden of
adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas those with elevated uPA/PAI-1
antigen levels carry an increased risk of disease recurrence. Recent retrospective analysis of > 3000 patients indicated that patients with
breast cancer with high uPA/PAI-1 values derive a significantly greater benefit from
adjuvant chemotherapy than patients with low uPA/PAI-1 levels. Similarly, in the multicenter prospective Chemo N0 trial, administration of
cyclophosphamide/
methotrexate/
5-fluorouracil-based
chemotherapy led to a substantial reduction in risk of disease recurrence in patients with high uPA/PAI-1. However, benefit from adjuvant endocrine
therapy appears to be independent of a patient's uPA/PAI-1 status. In metastatic
breast cancer, retrospective studies showed that elevated uPA or
PAI-1 present in the primary
tumor tissue are associated with a poor response to later palliative endocrine
therapy. These findings suggest that high levels of uPA and/or
PAI-1 do reflect an aggressive phenotype that may be overcome or suppressed by early systemic
therapy in the adjuvant setting but may be too advanced for response to
palliative therapy at a later stage.