Human epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes express
mRNA for all
enzymes involved in de novo synthesis/recycling of the cofactor (6R) L-erythro 5,6,7,8
tetrahydrobiopterin (6BH4) in normal healthy individuals. An enhanced epidermal de novo synthesis was identified in association with decreased epidermal
phenylalanine hydroxylase and 4a carbinolamine
dehydratase in patients with
vitiligo. The latter event leads to an accumulation of the nonenzymatic isomer (7R) L-erythro 5,6,7,8
tetrahydrobiopterin (7BH4) inhibiting
phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) with an apparent Ki = 10(-6) M. One consequence of decreased epidermal PAH activities would be a build-up of
L-phenylalanine. To substantiate this consideration, FT-Raman spectroscopy was utilised to study in vivo total
phenylalanine levels at 1004 cm-1 in involved and uninvolved skin of 23 patients with
vitiligo, showing in all cases increased levels of
phenylalanine in involved compared to uninvolved skin of the same individual. Additionally the peripheral blood
L-phenylalanine turnover was determined over time after a single oral loading with
L-phenylalanine in 32 patients (100 mg/kg
body weight). All patients demonstrated slower kinetics from
L-phenylalanine to
L-tyrosine, but 41% of the group showed significantly slower kinetics under these conditions. None of the patients presented peripheral hyperphenylalaninemia without loading. Our results demonstrate for the first time a
phenylalanine build-up in the involved epidermis of patients with
vitiligo. These data support the earlier observation of a defective epidermal
pterin metabolism in this disease.