Moxonidine is a centrally acting
antihypertensive. Its action is mediated by
imidazoline I1 receptors located in the rostral ventro-lateral medulla (RVLM). Animal experiments show much smaller amounts are required to reduce blood pressure (BP) when it is given intracisternally, or injected directly into the RVLM, compared to intravenous dose. The
antihypertensive action of microinjection of
moxonidine into the RVLM in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is abolished by pretreatment with
imidazoline I1 blockade from
efaroxan, but alpha(2) blockade from
SKF 86466 has much less effect. Similarly the fall of BP in the SHR from intravenous
moxonidine is reversed by the microinjection of
efaroxan into the RVLM. Receptor binding studies demonstrate that
moxonidine binds with an affinity for the
imidazoline I1 receptor that is thirty-three times more effective than is alpha(2) receptor binding, while for
clonidine the difference is only four times.
Moxonidine reduces
adrenaline,
noradrenaline and
renin levels in man, a finding consistent with central inhibition of sympathetic tone. Acute haemodynamic studies indicate that
moxonidine results in a fall of BP due to a decline in systemic vascular resistance, while the heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume and pulmonary artery pressures are not affected. Left ventricular end systolic and diastolic volumes are reduced.
Left ventricular hypertrophy has been found to regress after 6 months treatment with
moxonidine. After
oral administration Tmax is about 1 h, bioavailability approaches 90%.
Moxonidine is mostly excreted unchanged, biotransformation is unimportant. The T1/2 is 2.5 h, which is prolonged by
renal insufficiency. However, suggesting possible retention in the central nervous system (CNS), the
antihypertensive effect lasts longer than would be expected from the half-life, as
moxonidine is suitable for once daily administration.
Moxonidine is an effective
antihypertensive agent. It has been compared with representatives from each important class of
antihypertensive drugs, with
clonidine,
diuretics, both alpha- and beta-blocking drugs,
calcium antagonists and
ACE inhibitors. BP control has been similar with
moxonidine and these other agents. The side effect profile of
moxonidine is favourable, its lack of effect on central alpha(2) receptors is important in this regard.