Modeling pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis by epithelial deletion of the Npt2b sodium phosphate cotransporter reveals putative biomarkers and strategies for treatment.

Abstract

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare, autosomal recessive lung disorder associated with progressive accumulation of calcium phosphate microliths. Inactivating mutations in SLC34A2, which encodes the NPT2b sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter, has been proposed as a cause of PAM. We show that epithelial deletion of Npt2b in mice results in a progressive pulmonary process characterized by diffuse alveolar microlith accumulation, radiographic opacification, restrictive physiology, inflammation, fibrosis, and an unexpected alveolar phospholipidosis. Cytokine and surfactant protein elevations in the alveolar lavage and serum of PAM mice and confirmed in serum from PAM patients identify serum MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) and SP-D (surfactant protein D) as potential biomarkers. Microliths introduced by adoptive transfer into the lungs of wild-type mice produce marked macrophage-rich inflammation and elevation of serum MCP-1 that peaks at 1 week and resolves at 1 month, concomitant with clearance of stones. Microliths isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage readily dissolve in EDTA, and therapeutic whole-lung EDTA lavage reduces the burden of stones in the lungs. A low-phosphate diet prevents microlith formation in young animals and reduces lung injury on the basis of reduction in serum SP-D. The burden of pulmonary calcium deposits in established PAM is also diminished within 4 weeks by a low-phosphate diet challenge. These data support a causative role for Npt2b in the pathogenesis of PAM and the use of the PAM mouse model as a preclinical platform for the development of biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.

• Authors: Atsushi Saito, Nikolaos M Nikolaidis, Hassane Amlal, Yasuaki Uehara, Jason C Gardner, Kathleen LaSance, Lori B Pitstick, James P Bridges, Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp, Dennis W McGraw, Jason C Woods, Yves Sabbagh, Susan C Schiavi, Göksel Altinişik, Marko Jakopović, Yoshikazu Inoue, Francis X McCormack
• Journal: Science translational medicine (Sci Transl Med) Vol. 7 Issue 313 Pg. 313ra181 (Nov 11 2015) ISSN: 1946-6242 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 26560359 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Chemical References

• Biomarkers
• Npt2b protein, mouse
• Phosphates
• Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb

Topics

• Animals
• Biomarkers (blood)
• Calcinosis (etiology, physiopathology, therapy)
• Diet
• Disease Models, Animal
• Epithelium (metabolism, pathology)
• Genetic Diseases, Inborn (etiology, physiopathology, therapy)
• Lung (metabolism, pathology)
• Lung Diseases (etiology, physiopathology, therapy)
• Mice
• Mutation
• Phosphates (metabolism)
• Pulmonary Alveoli (metabolism)
• Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb (deficiency, genetics)