Skeletal muscle is the largest organ, comprising 40% of the total body lean mass, and affects whole-body metabolism in multiple ways. We investigated the signaling pathways involved in this process using TSCmKO mice, which have a skeletal muscle-specific depletion of TSC1 (
tuberous sclerosis complex 1). This deficiency results in the constitutive activation of
mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (
mTORC1), which enhances cell growth by promoting
protein synthesis. TSCmKO mice were lean, with increased
insulin sensitivity, as well as changes in white and brown adipose tissue and liver indicative of increased
fatty acid oxidation. These differences were due to increased plasma concentrations of
fibroblast growth factor 21 (
FGF21), a
hormone that stimulates
glucose uptake and
fatty acid oxidation. The skeletal muscle of TSCmKO mice released
FGF21 because of mTORC1-triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of a pathway involving PERK (
protein kinase RNA-like ER
kinase), eIF2α (eukaryotic translation
initiation factor 2α), and ATF4 (
activating transcription factor 4). Treatment of TSCmKO mice with a chemical chaperone that alleviates ER stress reduced
FGF21 production in muscle and increased
body weight. Moreover, injection of function-
blocking antibodies directed against
FGF21 largely normalized the metabolic phenotype of the mice. Thus, sustained activation of
mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscle regulated whole-body metabolism through the induction of
FGF21, which, over the long term, caused severe
lipodystrophy.