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Doxorubicin-conjugated β-NaYF4:Gd(3+)/Tb(3+) multifunctional, phosphor nanorods: a multi-modal, luminescent, magnetic probe for simultaneous optical and magnetic resonance imaging and an excellent pH-triggered anti-cancer drug delivery nanovehicle.

Abstract
Herein, we report the fabrication of a multifunctional nanoprobe based on highly monodispersed, optically and magnetically active, biocompatible, PEI-functionalized, highly crystalline β-NaYF4:Gd(3+)/Tb(3+) nanorods as an excellent multi-modal optical/magnetic imaging tool and a pH-triggered intracellular drug delivery nanovehicle. The static and dynamic photoluminescence spectroscopy showed the presence of sharp emission peaks, with long lifetimes (∼3.5 milliseconds), suitable for optical imaging. The static magnetic susceptibility measurements at room temperature showed a strong paramagnetic signal (χ∼ 3.8 × 10(-5) emu g(-1) Oe(-1)). The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements showed fair T1 relaxivity (r1 = 1.14 s(-1) mM(-1)) and magnetic resonance imaging gave enhanced T1-weighted MRI images with increased concentrations of β-NaYF4:Gd(3+)/Tb(3+) making them suitable for simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, an anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated to the amine-functionalized β-NaYF4:Gd(3+)/Tb(3+) nanorods via pH-sensitive hydrazone bond linkages enabling them as a pH-triggered, site-specific drug delivery nanovehicle for DOX release inside tumor cells. A comparison between in vitro DOX release studies undertaken in normal physiological (pH 7.4) and acidic (pH 5.0) environments showed an enhanced DOX dissociation (∼80%) at pH 5.0. The multifunctional material was also applied as an optical probe to confirm the conjugation of DOX and to monitor DOX release via a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. The DOX-conjugated β-NaYF4:Gd(3+)/Tb(3+) nanorods exhibited a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and their uptake by MCF-7 cells was demonstrated using confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. The comparative cellular uptakes of free DOX and DOX-conjugated β-NaYF4:Gd(3+)/Tb(3+) nanorods were studied in tumor microenvironment conditions (pH 6.5) using confocal imaging, which showed an increased uptake of DOX-conjugated β-NaYF4:Gd(3+)/Tb(3+) nanorods. Thus, DOX-conjugated β-NaYF4:Gd(3+)/Tb(3+) nanorods combining pH-triggered drug delivery, efficient luminescence and paramagnetic properties are promising for a potential multifunctional platform for cancer therapy, biodetection, and optical and magnetic resonance imaging.
AuthorsPreeti Padhye, Aftab Alam, Suvankar Ghorai, Samit Chattopadhyay, Pankaj Poddar
JournalNanoscale (Nanoscale) Vol. 7 Issue 46 Pg. 19501-18 (Dec 14 2015) ISSN: 2040-3372 [Electronic] England
PMID26538278 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Chemical References
  • Delayed-Action Preparations
  • sodium yttriumtetrafluoride
  • Terbium
  • Yttrium
  • Doxorubicin
  • Gadolinium
  • Fluorides
Topics
  • Animals
  • Delayed-Action Preparations (chemistry, pharmacology)
  • Doxorubicin (chemistry, pharmacology)
  • Female
  • Fluorides (chemistry, pharmacology)
  • Gadolinium (chemistry, pharmacology)
  • Humans
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Luminescent Measurements (methods)
  • MCF-7 Cells
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (methods)
  • Mice
  • NIH 3T3 Cells
  • Optical Imaging (methods)
  • Terbium (chemistry, pharmacology)
  • Yttrium (chemistry, pharmacology)

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