Trimethylamine N-Oxide From Gut Microbiota in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Focus on Diet.

Abstract

Low-protein diet is the recommended nutritional intervention for nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients because excess protein intake can damage kidney function and produce uremic toxins. Some of these toxins are generated from amino acids breakdown by gut microbiota as p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate that have been clearly associated with cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients. Another uremic toxin, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a degradation product of choline and L-carnitine (which come mainly from animal protein such as red meat and eggs) is now considered as a proatherogenic metabolite. In the present review, we will highlight the relationship between TMAO, diet and cardiovascular aspects, and the potential concerns about TMAO in nondialysis CKD patients.

• Authors: Cristiane Moraes, Denis Fouque, Ana Claudia F Amaral, Denise Mafra
• Journal: Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation (J Ren Nutr) Vol. 25 Issue 6 Pg. 459-65 (Nov 2015) ISSN: 1532-8503 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 26235933 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2015 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Methylamines
• trimethyloxamine
• Choline
• Carnitine

Topics

• Animals
• Cardiovascular Diseases (blood, microbiology)
• Carnitine (blood)
• Choline (blood)
• Diet, Protein-Restricted
• Disease Models, Animal
• Eggs
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Methylamines (blood, chemistry)
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
• Red Meat
• Renal Insufficiency, Chronic (blood, diet therapy, microbiology)