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Anthocyanins and their physiologically relevant metabolites alter the expression of IL-6 and VCAM-1 in CD40L and oxidized LDL challenged vascular endothelial cells.

AbstractSCOPE:
In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that dietary anthocyanins modulate cardiovascular disease risk; however, given anthocyanins extensive metabolism, it is likely that their degradation products and conjugated metabolites are responsible for this reported bioactivity.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Human vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with either oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L) and cotreated with cyanidin-3-glucoside and 11 of its recently identified metabolites, at 0.1, 1, and 10 μM concentrations. Protein and gene expression of IL-6 and VCAM-1 was quantified by ELISA and RT-qPCR. In oxLDL-stimulated cells the parent anthocyanin had no effect on IL-6 production, whereas numerous anthocyanin metabolites significantly reduced IL-6 protein levels; phase II conjugates of protocatechuic acid produced the greatest effects (>75% reduction, p ≤ 0.05). In CD40L-stimulated cells the anthocyanin and its phase II metabolites reduced IL-6 protein production, where protocatechuic acid-4-sulfate induced the greatest reduction (>96% reduction, p ≤ 0.03). Similarly, the anthocyanin and its metabolites reduced VCAM-1 protein production, with ferulic acid producing the greatest effect (>65% reduction, p ≤ 0.04).
CONCLUSION:
These novel data provide evidence to suggest that anthocyanin metabolites are bioactive at physiologically relevant concentrations and have the potential to modulate cardiovascular disease progression by altering the expression of inflammatory mediators.
AuthorsHiren P Amin, Charles Czank, Saki Raheem, Qingzhi Zhang, Nigel P Botting, Aedín Cassidy, Colin D Kay
JournalMolecular nutrition & food research (Mol Nutr Food Res) Vol. 59 Issue 6 Pg. 1095-106 (Jun 2015) ISSN: 1613-4133 [Electronic] Germany
PMID25787755 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Copyright© 2015 The Authors. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Chemical References
  • Anthocyanins
  • Coumaric Acids
  • Glucosides
  • Glucuronides
  • Hydroxybenzoates
  • IL6 protein, human
  • Interleukin-6
  • Lipoproteins, LDL
  • RNA, Messenger
  • Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
  • cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside
  • oxidized low density lipoprotein
  • CD40 Ligand
  • protocatechuic acid
  • ferulic acid
Topics
  • Anthocyanins (pharmacology)
  • CD40 Ligand (metabolism)
  • Coumaric Acids (metabolism)
  • Endothelial Cells (cytology, drug effects, metabolism)
  • Gene Expression
  • Glucosides (pharmacology)
  • Glucuronides (metabolism)
  • Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
  • Humans
  • Hydroxybenzoates (metabolism)
  • Interleukin-6 (genetics, metabolism)
  • Lipoproteins, LDL (metabolism)
  • RNA, Messenger (genetics, metabolism)
  • Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (genetics, metabolism)

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