Environmental
hazardous material polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction, which may increase the risk of
cardiovascular diseases and
cancer metastasis. Our previous studies illustrated the cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and genotoxic effects of a synthetic,
quinone-type, highly reactive metabolite of PCB, 2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-[1,4]
benzoquinone (PCB29-pQ). Here, we used it as the model compound to investigate its effects on vascular endothelial integrity and permeability. We demonstrated that noncytotoxic doses of
PCB29-pQ induced vascular endothelial (
VE)-cadherin junction disassembly by increasing the phosphorylation of
VE-cadherin at Y658. We also found that focal adhesion assembly was required for PCB29-pQ-induced junction breakdown. Focal adhesion site-associated actin stress fibers may serve as holding points for cytoskeletal tension to regulate the cellular contractility.
PCB29-pQ exposure promoted the association of actin stress fibers with
paxillin-containing focal adhesion sites and enlarged the size/number of focal adhesions. In addition,
PCB29-pQ treatment induced phosphorylation of
paxillin at Y118. By using pharmacological inhibition, we further demonstrated that p38 activation was necessary for
paxillin phosphorylation, whereas
extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 activation regulated
VE-cadherin phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results indicated that
PCB29-pQ stimulates endothelial hyperpermeability by mediating
VE-cadherin disassembly, junction breakdown, and focal adhesion formation. Intervention strategies targeting focal adhesion and MAPK signaling could be used as therapeutic approaches for preventing adverse cardiovascular health effects induced by environmental toxicants such as
PCBs.