Although serum
bile acid concentrations are approximately 10 µM in healthy subjects, the crosstalk between the biliary system and vascular repair has never been investigated. In this study,
tauroursodeoxycholic acid (
TUDCA) induced dissociation of CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from stromal cells by reducing adhesion molecule expression.
TUDCA increased CD34(+) /
Sca1(+) progenitors in mice peripheral blood (PB), and CD34(+) , CD31(+) , and c-kit(+) progenitors in human PB. In addition,
TUDCA increased differentiation of CD34(+) HSCs into
EPC lineage cells via Akt activation.
EPC invasion was increased by
TUDCA, which was mediated by fibroblast activating
protein via Akt activation. Interestingly,
TUDCA induced integration of EPCs into human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) by increasing adhesion molecule expression. In the mouse hind limb
ischemia model,
TUDCA promoted blood perfusion by enhancing angiogenesis through recruitment of Flk-1(+) /CD34(+) and Sca-1(+) /c-kit(+) progenitors into damaged tissue. In GFP(+) bone marrow-transplanted hind limb
ischemia,
TUDCA induced recruitment of GFP(+) /c-kit(+) progenitors to the ischemic area, resulting in an increased blood perfusion ratio. Histological analysis suggested that GFP(+) progenitors mobilized from bone marrow, integrated into blood vessels, and differentiated into VEGFR(+) cells. In addition,
TUDCA decreased cellular senescence by reducing levels of p53, p21, and
reactive oxygen species and increased
nitric oxide.
Transplantation of
TUDCA-primed senescent EPCs in hind limb
ischemia significantly improved blood vessel regeneration, as compared with senescent EPCs. Our results suggested that
TUDCA promoted neovascularization by enhancing the mobilization of stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow, their differentiation into EPCs, and their integration with preexisting endothelial cells.