3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (
MDMA, ecstasy) is an
amphetamine derivative and is a popular type of
drug that is abused due to its effects on the central nervous system (CNS), including alertness and euphoria. However, life-threatening (
brain edema,
heart failure, and
coma) and fatal
hyperthermia sometimes occur in some individuals taking
MDMA. In a one-generation reproductive toxicity study, the potential toxicity of chronic exposure of
MDMA was investigated on the reproductive capabilities of parental mice (F0), as well as the survival/development of their subsequent offspring (F1). Male and female C57BL/6 mice were administered orally
MDMA at 0, 1.25, 5 or 20 mg/kg
body weight (b.w.) throughout the study, beginning at the premating period, through mating, gestation, and lactation periods.
MDMA did not produce any apparent clinical signs in F0 or F1 mice, and produced no significant changes in
body weight, feed/water intake, or organ weights. In contrast, administration of
MDMA produced external abnormalities in fetuses,
stillbirth and labored delivery, and diminished viability and weaning indices in offspring, but these data were not significant. In addition, physical development of F1 mice was not markedly influenced by
MDMA treatment. Nonetheless, serum biochemistry markers showed that levels of
alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and blood
urea nitrogen (BUN) were markedly elevated in a dose-dependent manner from 5 mg and higher
MDMA/kg b.w., whereas levels of
triglycerides (TG),
potassium (K), and
uric acid (UA) were reduced. Data suggest that
MDMA may exert a weak reproductive and developmental toxicity, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of
MDMA is estimated to be 1.25 mg/kg b.w./d.