Neurotransmitter imbalance is an inevitable outcome in
cerebral ischemia that leads to neuronal death. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of
piroxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (
NSAID), on extracellular brain
glutamate and γ-
aminobutyric acid (
GABA) release, survival time, and neuronal cell death. Transient focal
cerebral ischemia in male Charles Foster rat led to neuronal
infarction and compromised intrinsic
antioxidant status. Thirty-minute preadministration of
piroxicam (10 mg/kg b.w.) showed a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in
cerebral infarct volume and potentiation of the intrinsic
antioxidant status. High-performance liquid chromatography of brain cortex and striatum revealed changes in extracellular concentrations of
neurotransmitters which were found to be 0.519 ± 0.44 pmole/mg (
GABA); 1.18 ± 0.28 pmole/mg (
glutamate), and 0.63 ± 0.21 pmole/mg (
serotonin), respectively.
Hydroxyl radical (·OH) adduct of
salicylate in the frontal cortex and striatum in control, untreated, and treated groups was found to be 0.261 ± 0.06, 0.68 ± 0.52, and 0.401 ± 0.68 pmole/mg, respectively. After
stroke, the extracellular level of
glutamate in rat brain increases continuously as compared to that of control group. However,
piroxicam administration in
stroke rat significantly reduced (P < 0.05) elevated extracellular cerebral
glutamate. This indicates that
piroxicam attenuates extracellular
glutamate release and also reduces neuronal cell death due to reduction in oxidative stress in
cerebral ischemia. Our results also indicate a consequent increase of extracellular
GABA in brain regions administered with
piroxicam, which hints that
piroxicam alleviates
glutamate excitotoxicity possibly by
GABA agonism.