Abstract |
Palytoxin (PLTX) is one of the most toxic algal biotoxin known so far. It transforms the Na(+)/K(+)- ATPase into a cationic channel inducing a massive intracellular Na(+) influx. However, from a mechanistic point of view, the features and the intracellular pathways leading to PLTX-induced cell death are still not completely characterized. This study on skin HaCaT keratinocytes demonstrates that PLTX induces necrosis since propidium iodide uptake was observed already after 1 h toxin exposure, an effect that was not lowered by toxin removal. Furthermore, necrotic-like morphological alterations were evidenced by confocal microscopy. Apoptosis occurrence was excluded since no caspases 3/7, caspase 8, and caspase 9 activation as well as no apoptotic bodies formation were recorded. Necrosis was preceded by a very early mitochondrial damage as indicated by JC-1 fluorescence shift, recorded already after 5 min toxin exposure. This shift was totally abolished when Na(+) and Ca(2+) ions were withdrawn from culture medium, whereas cyclosporine-A was ineffective, excluding the occurrence of a controlled biochemical response. These results clearly establish necrosis as the primary mechanism for PLTX-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. The rapidity of mitochondrial damage and the consequent irreversible necrosis rise serious concerns about the very fast onset of PLTX toxic effects.
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Authors | Marco Pelin, Silvio Sosa, Sabrina Pacor, Aurelia Tubaro, Chiara Florio |
Journal | Toxicology letters
(Toxicol Lett)
Vol. 229
Issue 3
Pg. 440-50
(Sep 17 2014)
ISSN: 1879-3169 [Electronic] Netherlands |
PMID | 25066017
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
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Copyright | Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Chemical References |
- Acrylamides
- Cnidarian Venoms
- Caspases
- palytoxin
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Topics |
- Acrylamides
(pharmacology)
- Blotting, Western
- Caspases
(drug effects, metabolism)
- Cell Death
(drug effects)
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival
(drug effects)
- Cnidarian Venoms
(pharmacology)
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Keratinocytes
(drug effects)
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitochondria
(drug effects)
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