Abstract | RATIONALE: During the past 30 years, myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury in rodents became one of the most commonly used model in cardiovascular research. Appropriate pain-prevention appears critical since it may influence the outcome and the results obtained with this model. However, there are no proper guidelines for pain management in rats undergoing thoracic surgery. Accordingly, we evaluated three analgesic regimens in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study was strongly focused on 3R's ethic principles, in particular the principle of Reduction. METHODS: Rats undergoing surgery were treated with pre-surgical tramadol (45 mg/kg intra-peritoneal), or carprofen (5 mg/kg sub-cutaneous), or with pre-surgical administration of carprofen followed by 2 post-surgery tramadol injections (multi-modal group). We assessed behavioral signs of pain and made a subjective evaluation of stress and suffering one and two hours after surgery. RESULTS: Multi-modal treatment significantly reduced the number of signs of pain compared to carprofen alone at both the first hour (61±42 vs 123±47; p<0.05) and the second hour (43±21 vs 74±24; p<0.05) post-surgery. Tramadol alone appeared as effective as multi-modal treatment during the first hour, but signs of pain significantly increased one hour later (from 66±72 to 151±86, p<0.05). Carprofen alone was more effective at the second hour post-surgery when signs of pain reduced to 74±24 from 113±40 in the first hour (p<0.05). Stress behaviors during the second hour were observed in only 20% of rats in the multimodal group compared to 75% and 86% in the carprofen and tramadol groups, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
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Authors | Maria Chiara Ciuffreda, Valerio Tolva, Renato Casana, Massimiliano Gnecchi, Emilio Vanoli, Carla Spazzolini, John Roughan, Laura Calvillo |
Journal | PloS one
(PLoS One)
Vol. 9
Issue 4
Pg. e95913
( 2014)
ISSN: 1932-6203 [Electronic] United States |
PMID | 24756074
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
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Chemical References |
- Analgesics, Opioid
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
- Carbazoles
- Tramadol
- carprofen
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Topics |
- Analgesics, Opioid
(therapeutic use)
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
(therapeutic use)
- Carbazoles
(therapeutic use)
- Disease Models, Animal
- Male
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury
(surgery)
- Pain Management
(ethics)
- Pain Measurement
- Pain, Postoperative
(drug therapy)
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tramadol
(therapeutic use)
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