Strategies to manage
nocturia include lifestyle modifications and treatment with alpha-blockers,
antimuscarinic therapies, and antidiuretics. The concept of achieving success should not be limited to reduction of nighttime voids; it should ideally include proof of improvement of conditions generally associated with
nocturia, such as falls, quality of life, and overall health. Few studies have looked specifically at parameters other than nocturnal voids, such as sleep latency, first undisturbed sleep period (FUSP), and total sleep time, including their clinical relevance to patient well-being. Lifestyle modifications, such as voiding before bedtime, limiting
caffeine and alcohol, and adjusting medication timing, may be initially effective in mild cases of
nocturia. Statistically significant reductions in voiding have been reported with
antimuscarinic agents and alpha-blockers as initial
therapy, but these reductions generally are not clinically relevant. The antidiuretic
therapy desmopressin acetate, a selective
vasopressin receptor 2 agonist, is effective in adults with
nocturia associated with nocturnal
polyuria; however,
hyponatremia can occur. The newest formulation-
desmopressin orally disintegrating sublingual
tablet (ODST)--has greater bioavailability; thus, lower doses can be used, potentially reducing
hyponatremia risk. A phase 3 study demonstrated statistically significant reductions in nocturnal voids for
desmopressin ODST 50 and 100 µg versus placebo (-1.18 and -1.43 vs. -0.86; P = 0.02 and P < 0.0001, respectively) in patients with
nocturia. Treatment was well-tolerated, and low-dose
desmopressin ODST was associated with statistically significant increases in duration of FUSP. Development of a validated composite endpoint may help clinicians identify and compare strategies for treating
nocturia.