The aim of this paper was to review the risk and incidence of urological
malignancies and the clinical characteristics and outcomes of renal transplant urological
malignancies. Medline/PubMed from January 1980 to February 2013 was searched to identify all medical literature about native kidney, graft bladder and
prostate cancers. Comparing to general population, risk of
kidney cancer was found to be 7 to 10 times greater and most of them are incidental low-stage, low-grade
tumors with a good prognosis. Open and laparoscopic radical
nephrectomies without lymph nodes dissection were reported to be safe. Incidence of graft RCC was 0.19%.
Papillary carcinomas represented more than 50% of de novo graft
carcinomas, which seemed to be low-grade
carcinomas with good prognosis. Risk of
prostate cancer was two times higher. Open or laparoscopic radical
prostatectomy is safe and feasible for management of localized
prostate cancer in patients with kidney allograft. Upper urinary tract (UUT)
transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) incidence was reported between 0.7% and 3.8%. Reports suggested a 3-fold increased risk of developing bladder TCC. Intravesical BCG in superficial
bladder cancer and/or CIS is a valid option. For invasive urothelial
tumor,
radical cystectomy in renal transplant patients remains the best treatment. Oncological outcomes of
urological cancers in renal transplant recipients are good and
conservative treatment should be preferred each time it is feasible to prevent returning to dialysis following recommendations of
urological cancer treatment. Close monitoring of renal transplant recipient must be performed with at least an abdominopelvic US and PSA measurement once a year.