Bioactive
milk proteins may be important in protecting preterm infants from developing
inflammation and necrotising
enterocolitis (NEC). A preterm pig model was used to investigate the protective effects of enteral bovine
lactoferrin (bLF) against NEC development and
inflammation. Caesarean-delivered preterm pigs were fed parenteral and minimal
enteral nutrition for the first 2 d followed by 2 d of total
enteral nutrition before
euthanasia. Pigs were stratified into two groups and fed with either a control formula (CON, n 15) or a 10 g/l of bLF-enriched formula (LF, n 13). NEC incidence, gut functions and inflammatory
cytokines were analysed. NEC incidence and nutrient absorption were similar between the two groups. In pigs that developed NEC, disease outcome was more severe in the colon accompanied by increased intestinal permeability in LF pigs. In contrary, the LF pigs had a lowered IL-1β level in the proximal small intestine. Dose-dependent effects of bLF on cell proliferation, intracellular signalling and
cytokine secretion were tested in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (PsIc1) in vitro. Low doses (0·1-1 g/l) increased cell proliferation via
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), limited
IL-8 secretion and prevented NF-κB and
hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activation, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, at a higher dose (10 g/l), bLF exerted adverse effects by reducing cell proliferation, stimulating
IL-8 release, inhibiting ERK activation and up-regulating NF-κB and HIF-1α activation. Overall, at a dose of 10 g/l, bLF exacerbated disease severity in pigs that developed NEC, while the in vitro studies indicated the positive effects of bLF at low doses (0·1-1 g/l). Supplementation of infant formulas with bLF should therefore be optimised carefully.