Pre-existing endothelial cell activation predicts vasoplegia after mitral valve surgery.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

Post-cardiac surgery vasoplegia is a common complication of cardiac surgery, characterized by profound loss of systemic vascular resistance. This results in severe hypotension, high cardiac output and metabolic acidosis reflecting inadequate tissue perfusion. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this syndrome remain unknown. We hypothesized that this vasoplegia reflects endothelial dysfunction, either as pre-existing condition or as a consequence of the surgical procedure.

METHODS:

To examine these mechanisms, six established and distinct markers of endothelial cell activation were measured pre- and perioperatively in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Arterial (radial artery) and myocardial venous blood samples (coronary sinus) were collected simultaneously over the reperfused heart at various time points during the first hour after reperfusion. Additional samples were collected at baseline (brachial vein) and 1 day post-reperfusion (radial artery). Post-cardiac surgery vasoplegia was defined as a mean arterial blood pressure of <60 mmHg, with a cardiac index of ≥2.2 l/min/m(2) treated with continuous intravenous administration of norepinephrine.

RESULTS:

No myocardial release of endothelial cell activation markers was observed upon reperfusion in patients with vasoplegia (n = 15; mean age 71 years, 73% male). In contrast, in patients without vasoplegia (n = 24; mean age 64 years, 54% male), reperfusion was characterized by a myocardial release of three endothelial cell activation markers. Myocardial von Willebrand Factor propeptide, osteoprotegerin and interleukin-8 were increased 107% (P < 0.001), 106% (P = 0.02) and 116% (P = 0.009), respectively, compared with arterial levels upon reperfusion. Similar systemic levels of all markers were found upon reperfusion in both groups, except for 120% increased soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) levels in vasoplegia patients (P = 0.03). Remarkably, postoperative vasoplegia was identified with baseline von Willebrand Factor propeptide levels with a cut-off value of 11.9 nM as well as with baseline sP-selectin levels with a cut-off value of 64.4 ng/ml.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pre-existing endothelial cell activation, reflected by higher baseline von Willebrand Factor propeptide and sP-selectin levels, is a predisposing factor for post-cardiac surgery vasoplegia. The pre-existing endothelial cell activation may have resulted in desensibilization of endothelium in patients who develop vasoplegic syndrome, resulting in no myocardial release of endothelial cell activation markers upon reperfusion.

• Authors: Kirsten A Kortekaas, Jan H N Lindeman, Marlies E J Reinders, Meindert Palmen, Robert J M Klautz, Philip G de Groot, Mark Roest
• Journal: Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery (Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg) Vol. 17 Issue 3 Pg. 523-30 (Sep 2013) ISSN: 1569-9285 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 23736659 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)

Chemical References

• Biomarkers
• Cardiotonic Agents
• P-Selectin
• Protein Precursors
• SELP protein, human
• Vasoconstrictor Agents
• von Willebrand Factor
• von Willebrand factor propolypeptide

Topics

• Aged
• Area Under Curve
• Arterial Pressure
• Biomarkers (blood)
• Cardiac Surgical Procedures (adverse effects)
• Cardiotonic Agents (administration & dosage)
• Chi-Square Distribution
• Endothelial Cells (metabolism)
• Female
• Humans
• Infusions, Intravenous
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Mitral Valve (metabolism, surgery)
• P-Selectin (blood)
• Prospective Studies
• Protein Precursors (blood)
• ROC Curve
• Risk Factors
• Time Factors
• Treatment Outcome
• Up-Regulation
• Vasoconstrictor Agents (administration & dosage)
• Vasoplegia (blood, drug therapy, etiology, physiopathology)
• von Willebrand Factor