Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as
sulindac sulfide have shown promising
antineoplastic activity in multiple
tumor types, but toxicities resulting from COX inhibition limit their use in
cancer therapy. We recently described a N,N-dimethylethyl
amine derivative of
sulindac sulfide,
sulindac sulfide amide (SSA), that does not inhibit COX-1 or -2, yet displays potent
tumor cell growth-inhibitory activity. Here, we studied the basis for the growth-inhibitory effects of SSA on human
lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. SSA potently inhibited the growth of lung
tumor cells with IC50 values of 2 to 5 μmol/L compared with 44 to 52 μmol/L for
sulindac sulfide. SSA also suppressed
DNA synthesis and caused a G0-G1 cell-cycle arrest. SSA-induced cell death was associated with characteristics of autophagy, but significant
caspase activation or PARP cleavage was not observed
after treatment at its IC50 value.
siRNA knockdown of Atg7 attenuated SSA-induced autophagy and cell death, whereas pan-
caspase inhibitor ZVAD was not able to rescue viability. SSA treatment also inhibited Akt/mTOR signaling and the expression of downstream
proteins that are regulated by this pathway. Overexpression of a constitutively active form of Akt was able to reduce autophagy markers and confer resistance to SSA-induced cell death. Our findings provide evidence that SSA inhibits lung
tumor cell growth by a mechanism involving autophagy induction through the suppression of Akt/mTOR signaling. This unique mechanism of action, along with its increased potency and lack of COX inhibition, supports the development of SSA or related analogs for the prevention and/or treatment of
lung cancer.