Leptin, a circulating
hormone, regulates food intake and
body weight. While
leptin resistance represents a major cause of
obesity, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can contribute to
leptin resistance.
Carbon monoxide (CO), a gaseous molecule, exerts antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of tissue injury. We hypothesized that CO could inhibit
leptin resistance during ER stress.
Thapsigargin or
tunicamycin was used to induce ER stress in human cells expressing the
leptin receptor. These agents markedly inhibited
leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation, confirming that ER stress induces
leptin resistance. The CO-releasing molecule
CORM-2 blocked the ER stress-dependent inhibition of
leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation.
CORM-2 treatment induced the phosphorylation of
protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum
kinase (PERK), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α and enhanced PERK phosphorylation during ER stress. Furthermore,
CORM-2 inhibited X-box binding protein-1 expression, activating transcription factor-6 cleavage, and
inositol-requiring
enzyme (IRE)1α phosphorylation induced by ER stress. IRE1α knockdown rescued
leptin resistance, whereas PERK knockdown blocked CO-dependent regulation of IRE1α. In vivo, CO inhalation normalized
body weight in animals fed high-fat diets. Furthermore, CO modulated ER stress pathways and rescued
leptin resistance in vivo. In conclusion, the pathological mechanism of
leptin resistance may be ameliorated by the pharmacological application of CO.