Distigmine bromide is a
cholinesterase inhibitor widely used for the treatment of hypotonic
neurogenic bladder. However, this
drug is also known to cause
cholinergic crisis, a rare but serious adverse reaction.
Cholinergic crisis is an excessive amount of
acetylcholine due to the systemic inhibition of
cholinesterase activity, characterized by parasympathetic symptoms such as sweating, salivation,
miosis,
bradycardia,
diarrhea and circulatory and
respiratory failure. The incidence of
cholinergic crisis has been estimated at approximately 0.2%, and the majority of the patients are elderly with underlying conditions such as
cerebrovascular disease. Since 2004, we have encountered 5 cases of acute
respiratory failure associated with
cholinergic crisis induced by the administration of a normal oral dose of
distigmine. We present these cases here and review an additional 23 cases from the literature in Japan. In these 28 cases,
mechanical ventilation was required for 57%, with a mean duration of 5.1 days and a mortality rate of 11%.
Pneumonia was observed in half of the cases in the acute phase, and relapse due to the readministration of
distigmine was reported in 20% of cases. It is important to remember that
cholinergic crisis in the elderly is often misdiagnosed and is occasionally treated as simple
aspiration pneumonia.