252Cf neutron
brachytherapy was tested in a feasibility trial for efficacy for
cervix cancer therapy vs. high stage radioresistant and subsequently for all stages of disease. Actuarial survival curves were analyzed for 218 patients treated between 1976 and 1983 and followed five to 14 years to the present time. A variety of doses, schedules and methods for
brachytherapy was tested during this period, and a dose-response relationship for
tumor eradication studied. All treatments were combined with whole-pelvis photon
radiotherapy to approximately 45 to 60 Gy. This combination was found effective, particularly if an early implant schedule was used for the Cf implant, followed by whole-pelvis photon
radiotherapy. For bulky/barrel shaped low-stage disease in medically fit patients, 252Cf implants were combined with surgery, i.e., extrafascial
hysterectomy and was readily usable for treatment without complications and with high cure rates (92% five-year survival). All survivals and outcomes to 13 years match the best results of conventional photon
radiotherapy. For all stages better results were observed for bulky, barrel, and advanced-stage
tumors, especially for local
tumor control, if optimal schedules, doses and implant numbers were used. Knowledge about neutron dose, dose per implant, number of implants and combination with photon beam
therapy evolved during the trials. 252Cf represents a new quick acting effective
radioisotope for human
cancer therapy especially for treatment of radioresistant, bulky and high stage
cancers.