The goal of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]
carbazole (DBC), a ubiquitous
environmental pollutant, and its methyl derivatives, 5,9-dimethylDBC (
DiMeDBC), a strict hepatocarcinogen, and N-methylDBC (
N-MeDBC), a specific sarcomagen in human
hepatoma HepG2 cells, and to infer potential mechanisms underlying the
biological activity of particular
carcinogen. All dibenzocarbazoles, regardless the tissue specificity, induced significant
DNA strand break levels and micronuclei in HepG2 cells; though a mitotic spindle dysfunction rather than a
chromosome breakage was implicated in
N-MeDBC-mediated micronucleus formation. While DBC and
N-MeDBC produced stable
DNA adducts followed with p53
protein phosphorylation at Ser-15,
DiMeDBC failed. A significant increase in
DNA strand breaks following incubation of exposed cells with a repair-specific
endonuclease (Fpg
protein) suggested that either oxidative DNA damage or unstable
DNA-adducts might underlie
DiMeDBC genotoxicity in human
hepatoma cells.
DiMeDBC and
N-MeDBC increased substantially also the amount of
CYP1A1/2 expression in HepG2 cells. Pretreatment of cells with substances affecting AhR-mediated CYP1A family of
enzymes expression; however, diminished
DiMeDBC and
N-MeDBC genotoxicity. Our data clearly demonstrated differences in the mechanisms involved in the
biological activity of
DiMeDBC and
N-MeDBC in human
hepatoma cells; the genotoxicity of these DBC derivatives is closely related to
CYP1A1/2 expression.