Although chemotherapeutic drugs could theoretically target all metastatic sites, current treatments do not provide complementary
therapeutics. Therefore, the development of an alternative approach replacing the traditional
therapy is urgently needed. To assess the killing efficiency of the functionally identified apoptosis-related
protein (APR)-1 in
melanoma cells, we established a system for the regulated expression of APR-1. The induction of APR-1 expression caused apoptosis of
melanoma cells via the interaction with the juxtamembrane region of
p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), and possible also via the competition with tumour
necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 (
TRAF6) and the catalytic receptor of
neurotrophin (Trk) for the same p75NTR interacting site. The accumulation of APR-1 in
melanoma cells may block the physical association of p75NRT with
TRAF6 and/or Trk, leading to the disruption of both NF-κB and
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Also, accumulation of APR-1
protein enhanced the activity of both
c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 pathways. However, the analysis of APR-1-modulated pathways demonstrated the involvement of apoptosis-regulating
kinase 1-JNK/p38 pathway in the induction of Bax expression leading to both mitochondrial dysregulation [as demonstrated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of both
cytochrome c and
apoptosis-inducing factor into cytoplasm, and cleavage of
caspase-9,
caspase-3 and
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)] and endoplasmic reticulum stress as demonstrated by the increase of intracellular Ca(2+) release. Thus, besides the analysis of its pro-apoptotic function, our data provide insight into the molecular mechanism of APR-1-induced apoptosis of
melanoma cells.