Dengue virus is the most widespread geographically of the arboviruses and a major public health threat in the tropics and subtropics. Scientific advances in recent years have provided new insights about the pathogenesis of more severe disease and novel approaches into the development of
antiviral compounds and
dengue vaccines. Phylogenetic studies show an association between specific subtypes (within serotypes) and severity of
dengue. The lack of association between maternal
antibodies and development of
severe dengue in infants in a recent study has called for the rethinking or refinement of the current antibody-dependent enhancement theory of
dengue hemorrhagic syndrome in infancy. Such studies should stimulate new directions of research into mechanisms responsible for the development of
severe dengue. The life cycle of dengue virus readily shows that virus entry and replication can be targeted by small molecules. Advances in a mouse model (AG 129 mice) have made it easier to test such
antiviral compounds. The efforts to find specific
dengue inhibitors are intensifying and the tools to evaluate the efficacy of new drugs are now in place for rapid translation into trials in humans. Furthermore, several
dengue vaccine candidates are in development, of which the chimeric
dengue/
yellow fever vaccine has now entered phase 3 trials. Until the availability of a licensed
vaccine, disease surveillance and vector population control remain the mainstay of
dengue prevention.