Fat embolism (FE) is a consequence of skeletal
trauma that occurs in more than 90% of cases of severe
trauma. However, most of these emboli are clinically insignificant. We report the case of a 59-yr-old man with massive progressive
fibrosis who died from widespread FE after a single-
lung transplantation (SLT). The lung donor was a 22-yr-old woman who died from traumatic cerebral injury. She had sustained a
closed fracture of the tibia, fibula and pelvis. The PaO(2)/FiO(2) before procurement was 452 mmHg. A left SLT using
cardiopulmonary bypass was performed. In the immediate postoperative period, profound
pulmonary edema in the transplanted lung developed, with overinflation of the native lung and systemic
hypotension. Severe
Primary Graft Dysfunction (
PGD) was suspected and
nitric oxide (NO) and independent lung ventilation (ILV) initiated. Over the next 24 h the patient's condition deteriorated and
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was initiated. The patient died 45 h after
transplantation as cardiovascular and respiratory function continued to decline and massive thoracic
bleeding secondary to coagulopathy appeared. Post-mortem examination revealed both massive FE in the non-transplanted donor lung and in the allograft lung. Only two previous cases of donor-acquired FE and
PGD after
lung transplantation (LT) have been reported. Occult pulmonary FE in a traumatized donor should be considered a cause of
PGD.