Macrophage colony stimulating factor (
M-CSF, also called
colony stimulating factor-1) has traditionally been viewed as a growth/differentiation factor for monocytes, macrophages, and some female-specific
tumors. As a result of alternative
mRNA splicing and post-translational processing, several forms of
M-CSF protein are produced: a secreted
glycoprotein, a longer secreted form containing
proteoglycan, and a short membrane-bound
isoform. These different forms of
M-CSF all initiate cell signaling in cells bearing the
M-CSF receptor, called c-fms. Here we review the biology of
M-CSF, which has important roles in bone physiology, the intestinal tract,
cancer metastases to the bone, macrophage-mediated
tumor cell killing and
tumor immunity. Although this review concentrates mostly on the membrane form of human
M-CSF (mM-CSF), the biology of the soluble forms and the
M-CSF receptor will also be discussed for comparative purposes. The mechanisms of the
biological effects of the membrane-bound
M-CSF reveal that this
cytokine is unexpectedly involved in many complex molecular events. Recent experiments suggest that a
tumor vaccine based on membrane-bound
M-CSF-transduced
tumor cells, combined with anti-angiogenic
therapy, should be evaluated further for use in clinical trials.