Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) has recently been shown to be induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (
NSAIDs) and to have proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities. Although
sulindac sulfide induced apoptosis in sinonasal
cancer cells, the relationship between NAG-1 and
NSAIDs has not been determined. In this study, we investigated the induction of apoptosis in sinonasal
cancer cells treated by various
NSAIDs and the role of NAG-1 expression in this induction. The effect of
NSAIDs on normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells was also examined to evaluate their safety on normal cells. Finally, the in vivo anti-tumorigenic activity of
NSAIDs in mice was investigated. In AMC-HN5 human sinonasal
carcinoma cells,
indomethacin was the most potent NAG-1 inducer and caused NAG-1 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The induction of NAG-1 expression preceded the induction of apoptosis.
Conditioned medium from NAG-1-overexpressing Drosophila cells inhibited proliferation of sinonasal
cancer cells and induced apoptosis. In addition, in NAG-1
small interfering RNA-transfected cells, apoptosis induced by
indomethacin was suppressed. In contrast, NAG-1 expression and apoptosis were not induced by
NSAIDs or
conditioned medium in NHNE cells. Furthermore,
indomethacin induced a dose-dependent in vivo increase in the expression of NAG-1
mRNA in the mice
tumors and the volume of xenograft
tumors of AMC-HN5 cells in
indomethacin-treated nude mice was reduced compared to that in control mice. In conclusion,
indomethacin exerts proapoptotic and antitumorigenic effects in sinonasal
cancer cells through the induction of NAG-1 and can be considered a safe and effective chemopreventive agent against sinonasal
cancer.