Abstract | BACKGROUND: In this study we compared cancer risks from organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) based on total personal exposure summed across different microenvironments and exposure pathways. METHODS: We developed distributions of personal exposure concentrations using field monitoring and modeling data for inhalation and, where relevant, ingestion pathways. We calculated risks for a nonoccupationally exposed and nonsmoking population using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) unit risks. We determined the contribution to risk from indoor versus outdoor sources using indoor/outdoor ratios for gaseous compounds and the infiltration factor for particle-bound compounds. RESULTS: With OEHHA's unit risks, the highest ranking compounds based on the population median are 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, benzene, and dioxin, with risks on the order of 10(-4)-10(-5). The highest risk compounds with the U.S. EPA unit risks were dioxin, benzene, formaldehyde, and chloroform, with risks on a similar order of magnitude. Although indoor exposures are responsible for nearly 70% of risk using OEHHA's unit risks, when infiltration is accounted for, inhalation of outdoor sources contributed 50% to total risk, on average. Additionally, 15% of risk resulted from exposures through food, mainly due to dioxin. CONCLUSIONS:
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Authors | Miranda M Loh, Jonathan I Levy, John D Spengler, E Andres Houseman, Deborah H Bennett |
Journal | Environmental health perspectives
(Environ Health Perspect)
Vol. 115
Issue 8
Pg. 1160-8
(Aug 2007)
ISSN: 0091-6765 [Print] United States |
PMID | 17687442
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
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Chemical References |
- Air Pollutants
- Hazardous Substances
- Organic Chemicals
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Topics |
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Air Pollutants
(toxicity)
- Air Pollution, Indoor
(adverse effects)
- Environmental Exposure
(adverse effects)
- Female
- Hazardous Substances
(toxicity)
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms
(chemically induced)
- Organic Chemicals
(toxicity)
- Risk Assessment
- United States
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